Mr. Mike Moore of
Los Alamos, NM, sent to us by US Postal numerous photographs, two thin
sections and a video tape of a sample purporting to be a
meteorite from Mars,
a terrestrial planet. The video tape provides an extensive oral
presentation of the chemical composition-analysis of much of the
sample. We want to start by pointing out
an error made at the very beginning of his meteorite
project. Very early on in the video tape you say, that while
walking on a Ranch with your aunt you saw a strange object on the
ground, and since it looked out of place from surrounding material you
said it must be a meteorite. And then you wasted no
time in saying it must be from Mars. This is a major mistake, because
as we reviewed the tape it seems you first decided that the sample was
a meteorite and then began weaving the data and your thought processes
to justify your initial conclusion making its identification premature.
When someone
sees something strange or different on the ground, the first thing that
comes to mind is usually not that the object is a meteorite, unless you
are actually out hunting meteorites. This scenario is very similar to
behavior by scientists who have made a
decision seeking a result and then begin weaving the data and
information to fit that decision. To us this means that you lost
all
hope of objectivity very early on in this project in seeking the truth.
Mr.
Moore, we are placing a tremendous amount of emphasis on certain
aspects of meteorite identification because there are certain areas
over which a scientist cannot mislead by pretending to be doing science
or injecting some other motive. While we agree with you from the
literature, that there is probably wide variation in-on the martian
planet,
there is a minimum standard where you cannot seek to ignore or divorce
yourself from the laws
of physics in arriving at your conclusions. These rules of physics work
hand in hand with all matter both organic and inorganic (chemistry),
leaving us with no ability to separate one from the other, because one
is used to describe the other. Were it from Mars, your
sample would violate these laws of physics which describe the
present world.
First, the sample appears vesicle laden in thin
section, and consistent with this you say it is very friable. It is
reasonable to expect, based on velocity and pressure, that if your
sample arrived as such it would have exploded into thousands of little
pieces prior to landing.
As vesicle
laden as it is, the escape velocity required to launch it from
Mars would have annihilated the sample and it never would have made it
to Earth. (See van Flandern, "
Are
The Mars Meteorites Really From Mars" a portion of which is
reproduced below). You insist and say it is a different type of
meteorite from
the current Mars meteorites. But that does not matter because all
meteorites are
subject to the same laws of physics no matter what their origin or
chemical
composition.
Dr. van Flandern writes;
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÷ A
meteorite from Mars must escape the Martian gravity field. This implies
a launch speed greater than 5 km/s to exceed escape velocity. Such
projectile velocities can result only from the largest of asteroidal
impacts on Mars, and certainly cannot arise from even the largest
volcanoes, or any other known acceleration mechanism.
÷ The
meteorite-to-be must be suddenly accelerated from rest to at least 5
km/s as the impact blast wave passes, but without vaporizing. It is
easy to compute the amount of energy that must be transferred to the
meteorite, and the short time it has for its acceleration to escape
speed. Small bodies the size of ALH84001 would normally be completely
vaporized by such a shock wave transferring that much energy that
quickly, and any surviving fragments of a rock barely big enough to
partially survive vaporization would themselves be heavily shocked.
Meteorites associated with a lunar origin, for example, apparently all
had ejection velocities under 3 km/s, with survival rate decreasing
sharply at the higher ejection speeds. [B.J. Gladman, J.A. Burns et
al., "The exchange of impact ejecta between terrestrial planets",
Science 271, 1387-1392 (1996).]
÷ ALH84001 was neither
vaporized
nor heavily shocked. So the rock initially ejected from Mars by the
impact must have been huge compared with ALH84001, which itself must
have been well-shielded deep in the interior of the larger rock.
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On the
chance your sample made it out of Mars, the only way it could have
remained intact on arrival is if it floated to the surface gently like
a snow flake and landed on a carpet of grass. If it was denser on
arrival, then terrestrial weathering altered portions of it into
vesicles shown in your thin sections below right. But if that was the
case then the precursor chemical composition of the vesicles had to be
a component calcium carbonate or some semi or non crystalline compounds
easily transformed chemically by water or moisture at standard
conditions. But under the
microscope, I see no secondary mineral chemically altered rims
around the vesicle interior caused by terrestrial weathering ; meaning
it formed on Earth and the vesicle interior has changed
little since it formed.
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Above is the sample in question and at right are the thin
sections
showing a clear and convincing vesicular texture caused by the solution
of amorphous minerals subject to disintegration by hydration in a
terrestrial environment or the vesicles were empty air pockets from the
very beginning.
Consider the
analysis Dr. van Flandern
is invoking as proof of one thing or another in his paper about
ALH84001 and martian meteorites, and which
applies to the impact event itself. This means that in the case
of a Martian Meteorite it should have some impact mico-fractures and in
fact the larger the stony meteorite the more fractures you may see in
the interior. Your sample is very large and you report no web of
interior impact
fractures, therefore it is probably not a meteorite. The smaller the
sample the less likely one is to see impact fractures. Based on the
laws of physics several things should have occurred for which there is
no evidence.
You implied on your videotape that one day your
sample was
not there and the next it was, meaning it was a very recent fall with
respect to the timeline.
Therefore it should have a fusion crusted surface. A recent fall should
have a fusion crusted surface while a heavily weathered very old find
will have very little to no fusion crust. For the sample to appear as
it does with no crust it would have to be a very old impact to
allow time for weathering, but that places a very heavy burden on
your timeline claims because it cannot appear suddenly in a week or so
out of nowhere without a burnt surface. Because of its size, someone
would have seen an
object in the sky with a tail
from the burning surface either day or night. In addition
to the tail your
sample is so large there would have been a sonic boom followed by a
small crater or hole at
the
impact site. You reported no crater and showed no evidence of such in
your videotape or even mentioned it. There were no reports mentioned
around the time you found your sample, of
objects in the sky and no reports of a sonic boom.
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As you can see
above left Mr. Moore, large stony meteorites such as the lunar sample
(BCC9601) have some micofractures in the interior caused by the
launching impact.
These are caused by sudden and forceful impact. Since it is more than
99% percent
crystalline and very hard material, the fractures weave through the
interior.
Above right you
see the weathering rind of the outer surface of BCC9601, the lunar
sample.
This ~1cm thick surface rind around the sample is a product of
weathering at standard conditions on Earth. Exposed to hydration, atmospheric
pressure, and temperatures different from original parent body for a
lengthy
period. Your sample should have a differing interior from
exterior with the interior of the sample having a chemical composition
derived from the parent body. The thickness of this rind will be a
function of the chemical composition and length of time at standard
conditions; a resistance to
terrestrial weathering marker.
Not
withstanding chemical similarities, the rate of weathering is slightly
different for all stony meteorites because they are all essentially
from different places or different parts of the same source having
their own composition, and all generally arriving at different
times. In this case the sample above is lunar however, it only
represents the portion of the Moon from where it came. (Not the
entire lunar highlands surface).
At left you
see a sample that is
presumably from one of the Apollo missions. You notice that it is
full of pocks and vesicles. Try not to focus on how the vesicles got
there, that's another story. Very little of this sample would have
survived in large pieces were it to arrive in the form of a meteorite,
because the increased area and shape of the pockets would create lots
of drag directly proportional to the surface area upon atmospheric
entry causing it to rip apart.
You say you hammered a copper tube through your
sample and removed a
round core, and that it was very friable and coming apart. We
really must appreciate meteorites for what they are and don't think
hammering a tube through a sample is a good idea. Nevertheless, we
don't think we can hammer a tube through even our softest sample
without it completely breaking apart,
a very ancient carbonaceous chondrite.

At left is a very interesting sample someone brought
to us and thought was an iron meteorite. This sample was found in a
very special place on private property in north Texas. Naturally it has
very high density and is very heavy. This material appears to be
natural material, does not appear to contain synthetic components and
it actually appears to contain some iron in crystalline form which is
not very common. It appears to have no volcanic associated material
such as ash, lava, or magma and from the literature, implies sub
crustal
mineralogy. Do you think this could be a remnant product of a
massive meteorite impact which exposed the Earth's interior to the seas
above? It does have an apparent beach sand component throughout the
sample. We wanted to show you this sample because there are numerous
materials and samples out there but not everything is a
meteorite.
Suppose the
sample shown at left and broken below is meteorite excavated ancient
sub crustal material from close to the iron core, and lets say for the
sake of argument that we actually find small asteroidal fragments, and
or cometary grains embedded in the sample by chemical analysis. Finding
trace amounts of these in the sample does not necessarily make the
entire mass a meteorite does it? While the sample shown here is very
interesting and can be used to make or advance certain notions and
hypothesis it cannot be called a meteorite even if it is a product
of meteorite impact activity. It has its place in history.
Similarly your sample has very unique characteristics and has its
proper place in history but unfortunately it is not a meteorite.
Consider the following, Mr. Moore. We have
been working on a sample but have placed it on hold. The sample meets
all of the geophysical characteristics of a meteorite but is heavily
weathered. Two spot tests by SEM indicate an abundance of elemental Ni
and it is very magnetic. However, Mr. DeRusse is not convinced it can
qualify as a meteorite. He wants a separate analysis of opaque oxide
grains found on the thin section to determine exact composition
for magnetite or a solution of Fe-Ni. We know that even though it
meets all of the definitions and elemental Ni is not found in Texas
this could be an anomalous sample or pseudo meteorite, but according to
Mr. DeRusse cannot be called a meteorite without much more testing.
Your sample does not meet a single preliminary test as far as we can
see.
Above left, the
main mass of the sample broken to expose the interior.
The creatures you
describe in detail found in the
sample and which you relate to Mars are from Earth. It should have
dawned on you that when you saw microscopic animal life having no eyes
and having unusual formations that, in fact, these are cave and cavern
dwellers (needing no eyes since there is no light in caves) and that
they are evolved over millions of years. These microscopic life forms
were probably caught in your sample via torrential floods and
commingled
with
hydrothermal and volcanic activity resulting in the sample in your
hands. In closing we would like to make several points.
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1) In one of your email you say we have been led by the scientific
community to believe what a meteorite should and should not be. This is
not necessarily true because there are certain laws of physics that are
observable and verifiable when one examines the products of a meteorite
fall or find. Oftentimes there is very little time between the
observing of the fall and someone picking it up, providing little
opportunity for anyone to come in and change the appearance, shape, or
chemistry of a sample. So we have ground truth evidence of what to
expect Mr. Moore. |
| 2)
The scientific community had no ready motive or agenda to misinform you
or anyone else in this case, therefore, they told you the truth.
Telling you the truth was easy because it served their purpose. You
were not the target of scientific misconduct or fraud fueled by bigotry
and racial discrimination like minorities and others are. People in
your position have an advantage, but minorities, and the disadvantaged
receive different treatment and usually are the victims of
scientific misconduct, fraud, and abuse as you are now well aware. |
| 3)
Everyone is capable of making mistakes including those trained
professionals you depended on. For example, as you are aware from
the current Mars missions, scientists wasted little time in
reporting their findings from examining of nearby stones and fist
sized rocks. Because there are no known processes on Mars which produce
stones of this size we run into the 25 % possibility and high
probability that these stones could be excavated martian materials by
meteorite impact. Or 75%
possibility that they could be meteorites from other moons, planets, or
asteroids that landed on Mars. . These probabilities are
enhanced
because the instrumentation is reporting results from a crater,
generally a known impact event. So you see, a simple mental
miscalculation could result in attributing the chemistry of another
planet, moon, or asteroid (in the form of a meteorite) to the planet
Mars. Even the information
being given out on this current mission(s) has to be taken with guarded
caution on the results reporting. |
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4) You may want to consider apologizing to those who feel you
mistreated them over this matter. You may not get much of a response
but at least you are the better and bigger person for apologizing. |
5) Your sample, however changed and reformed and semi static-dynamic to
its present state by the Earth and its internal and external natural
forces; you can at least say that your sample is a product of a star or
stars because all organic and inorganic matter is derived from stars.
The reworking of your sample resulting in its present state is an
indirect product of a star but not a pristine meteorite from Mars or an
evolved
planetary body.
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Mr. Moore this sample would be an excellent gift, to a
microbiology or
marine biology department of an appreciative institution. Perhaps a
junior college or university or something like that. If you have any
questions please
do not hesitate to let us know.
S. Ray DeRusse and Bill Cutler
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